In this project we learned about protein synthesis. We had to pick a protein and show how it got from the DNA of that protein to a functioning one. We would have to include central dogma which is the basic steps of protein synthesis. The long answer begins with the DNA, the sequence that encodes the entirety of our body. Certain parts of the human genome, known as genes, encode certain proteins, and in the instance of our project, our gene was CD274, which produced a protein known as PD-L1 . As the process of transcription begins, a family of enzymes known as RNA polymerase identify the sequence that they want to transcribe, then unwind and separate the two strands of DNA. These polymerases bind to the DNA strand, and then produce a RNA strand that is identical to the sense strand of DNA. The sense strand is the sequence that eventually codes for the protein, so that is why the polymerase synthesize RNA nucleotides complimentary to the antisense strand. Once the RNA synthesis is complete, the polymerases break the hydrogen bonds between the DNA and RNA strands, repairs the original double-helix structure of the DNA, and sends the mRNA to the ribosomes. Next, in translation, tRNA in the ribosomes bind to the mRNA strand because of the anticodons that are present. These anticodons match up to codons on the mRNA. Next, once the tRNA have bound themselves to the mRNA, rRNA aids in the construction of the entire polypeptide chain by ensuring that the amino acids on the other end of the tRNA are completeky bonded to one another. Finally, the new protein is sent to the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus, where it is folded to give it its final shape and structure.
Concepts:
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. PD-l1 at the begining of the cycle is a DNA strand
mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a subtype of RNA. An mRNA molecule carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing. PD-L1 becomes this after translation.
tRNA: Transfer RNA. Small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome for polymerization into a polypeptide. During translation the amino acid is inserted into the growing polypeptide chain when the anticodon of the tRNA pairs with a codon on the mRNA being translated.
Translation: The mRNA codes for a codon to to match with the anti-codon of the tRNA, which forms an Amino Acid string.
Transcription: The DNA unzips and RNA Polymerase adds an mRNA from base pairing
Amino acids: Amino acids form a protein after being folded.
Protein folding: The Amino acid string folds in the ER and then the Golgi Apparatus where the functioning protein is formed.
Golgi apparatus: The place in the cell where
Ribosome: The place in the cell where translation occurs. It helps create the polypeptide chains.
Polypeptide chain:The string of Amino Acids created by translation.
HOMEOSTASIS
In this project we learned about homeostasis. Homeostasis is the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. When you are doing certain things your body makes sure body systems dont go crazy. My group chose to focus on heart rate, and how homeostasis maintains it. In this project we had a group member go on a bike ride and we measured his heart rate as he went up and down hills. Whenever he went up a hill, his heart rate went up and when he went down a hill it went down due to homeostasis. Here is our poster on our precedure and how homeostasis affects heart rate.
. Concepts:
homeostasis: Homeostasis is the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. Homeostasis helps your heart rate slow down after a run or other physical activity.
Heart rate: The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
Cardiovascular system: the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body. This is the system involved in helping you run or bike longer without stopping.
Hormones: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. Homeosrasis helps keep things stable by releasing hormones.
Feedback regulation: the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions. Homeostasis adapts or changes the systems in order to keep it stable.
REFLECTION:
Both projects were very fun and I learned a lot. I worked very well in both groups and had very good empathy and attitude. Two peaks were that i always was always bringing a good vibe to the group and trying not to appear down or tired. One pit is that i needed to work more on taking leadership and controlling the group. The second pit is i need to increase work ethic slightly. I need to take te project outside of school and work on it. I did sometimes when we got off track but otherwise I was more of a follower. I should have took more control of the tests. In the homeostasis project we did very well other than having a problem finding a test. The homeostasis project and protein synthesis project were very fun because we were given a lot more freedom and could choose whatever we wanted. We also made sure in both groups to try not to get off task. This helped both groups be much more preductive and pay better attention. Over all, both projects were a success!
homeostasis: Homeostasis is the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. Homeostasis helps your heart rate slow down after a run or other physical activity.
Heart rate: The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
Cardiovascular system: the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body. This is the system involved in helping you run or bike longer without stopping.
Hormones: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. Homeosrasis helps keep things stable by releasing hormones.
Feedback regulation: the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions. Homeostasis adapts or changes the systems in order to keep it stable.
REFLECTION:
Both projects were very fun and I learned a lot. I worked very well in both groups and had very good empathy and attitude. Two peaks were that i always was always bringing a good vibe to the group and trying not to appear down or tired. One pit is that i needed to work more on taking leadership and controlling the group. The second pit is i need to increase work ethic slightly. I need to take te project outside of school and work on it. I did sometimes when we got off track but otherwise I was more of a follower. I should have took more control of the tests. In the homeostasis project we did very well other than having a problem finding a test. The homeostasis project and protein synthesis project were very fun because we were given a lot more freedom and could choose whatever we wanted. We also made sure in both groups to try not to get off task. This helped both groups be much more preductive and pay better attention. Over all, both projects were a success!